Apakah Kesan Sampingan Kacang Soya?

2024 Pengarang: Cecilia Ryder | [email protected]. Diubah suai terakhir: 2023-12-17 14:21

Kacang soya adalah kekacang yang banyak dimakan. Ini adalah makanan utama Asia dan digunakan sebagai ramuan dalam beberapa makanan yang diproses. Protein dalam soya (protein kedelai) dapat menggantikan protein hewani dalam makanan anda dan diperoleh setelah mengeluarkan kulit luar kacang soya dan asid lemaknya (1), (2).

Walaupun kacang kedelai kaya dengan nutrien seperti kalsium, zat besi, zink, dan asam amino, mereka dapat menyebabkan kesan sampingan tertentu (3).

Jika dikonsumsi secara berlebihan, mereka mungkin mengganggu ubat pengawalan tiroid dan menyebabkan ketidakseimbangan testosteron, alergi, dan percambahan kanser.

Juga, penggunaan jangka panjang produk soya berlebihan tidak selamat. Dalam catatan ini, kita membincangkan kacang soya dan kemungkinan kesan buruknya. Teruskan membaca.

Isi kandungan

• Apakah Masalah Utama Kacang Soya?
• Apa Yang Berlaku Semasa Anda Mengonsumsi Kacang Kedelai? Apa yang Menyebabkan Kesan Buruk?
• Apakah kesan buruk kacang soya (Soy Protein)?
• Produk Soya Mana Yang Harus Anda Elakkan?
• Berapa Banyak Kedelai Yang Selamat Dimakan Dalam Sehari?
• Adakah Makan Soya Terlalu Berbahaya?

Apakah Masalah Utama Kacang Soya?

Masalah utama kacang soya adalah kandungan isoflavonnya.

Kacang soya adalah takungan fitoestrogen (isoflavon), yang secara struktur dan fungsinya serupa dengan hormon estrogen di dalam badan anda (3). Isoflavon adalah kelas fitoestrogen (juga disebut protein soya) yang terdapat dalam produk soya dan soya. Jadual berikut akan memberi anda idea mengenai kandungan isoflavon dalam makanan soya yang berbeza.

Makanan soya yang tidak sedap	Kandungan Isoflavon (mg)
susu soya, 1 cawan	6
tauhu (tauhu), lembut, 3 ons	20
kacang soya, matang, rebus, ½ cawan	55
kacang soya, panggang kering, 1 oz.	40
edamame, rebus, ½ cawan	16
keju soya, 1oz.	2
burger soya, 1 biji	5
Makanan soya yang diperam	Kandungan Isoflavon (mg)
miso, 3 oz.	37
natto, 3 oz.	70
tempe, dimasak, 3 oz.	30
kicap, 1 sudu besar	0.02

Sumber: Harvard THChan School of Public Health

Fitoestrogen soya telah digunakan untuk mengimbangi kekurangan hormon estrogen. Protein kedelai adalah sebahagian daripada terapi penggantian estrogen yang diberikan kepada wanita yang mengalami menopaus (3).

Beberapa kajian epidemiologi menunjukkan bahawa pengambilan fitoestrogen diet dapat mengurangkan kejadian penyakit kardiovaskular pascamenopause, osteoporosis, dan kilat panas, antara gejala lain. Data kontras juga telah melaporkan potensi phytoestrogen untuk mencegah barah payudara dan prostat (3).

Walau bagaimanapun, faedah soya masih belum jelas. Malah, kajian lain yang tertentu juga menyatakan bahawa protein soya boleh menyebabkan bahaya (3).

Apa Yang Berlaku Semasa Anda Mengonsumsi Kacang Kedelai? Apa yang Menyebabkan Kesan Buruk?

Apabila anda mengambil kacang soya (protein soya) dalam bentuk apa pun, isoflavon soya (fitoestrogen) mengikat reseptor estrogen di dalam badan anda. Fitoestrogen ini bersaing dengan estrogen semula jadi untuk mengikat reseptor. Ini mengakibatkan aktiviti estrogenik atau anti-estrogenik lemah. Dengan kata lain, isoflavon kedelai dapat menjadikan estrogen semula jadi dalam badan anda kurang berkesan (3), (4).

Interaksi seperti ini boleh menyebabkan ketidakseimbangan hormon dan menyebabkan perubahan yang berkaitan dengan jantina pada kanak-kanak perempuan. Mereka juga boleh memberi kesan anti-androgenik pada lelaki. Lelaki mungkin mula membesar payudara (ginekomastia) dan mengalami penurunan kepekatan sperma mereka ketika menjalani diet tinggi kedelai (3).

Overdosis isoflavon dalam jangka masa panjang boleh merangsang endometrium (rahim) dan payudara pada wanita. Oleh itu, sesiapa yang telah dirawat untuk barah payudara biasanya disyorkan untuk mengelakkan protein soya (3)

Fitoestrogen boleh mempengaruhi beberapa proses fisiologi dan patologi dalam badan. Dosis tinggi isolat soya boleh menyebabkan kesan buruk pada pembiakan, kulit, pembentukan semula tulang, sistem kardiovaskular, sistem saraf, sistem imun, dan metabolisme.

Mari kita perhatikan kesan buruk kacang soya (protein soya) secara terperinci.

Apakah kesan buruk kacang soya (Soy Protein)?

1. Boleh Mengganggu Peraturan Tiroid

Makanan soya boleh meningkatkan risiko terkena hipotiroidisme pada orang yang mempunyai fungsi tiroid yang terganggu. Individu seperti itu boleh menghidap penyakit tiroid gondok dan autoimun. Risiko ini semakin meningkat apabila pengambilan yodium individu rendah (5).

Isoflavon kedelai telah didapati menghalang aktiviti enzim yang disebut tiroid peroksidase. Enzim ini diperlukan untuk sintesis hormon tiroid. Inilah sebabnya mengapa anda mungkin menghadapi risiko hipotiroidisme apabila anda makan banyak protein soya (6).

Produk soya juga mengganggu penyerapan levothyroxine (L-thyroxine), ubat yang digunakan untuk merawat kekurangan hormon tiroid (7). Oleh kerana protein soya nampaknya mengubah ketersediaan ubat, anda mungkin dinasihatkan untuk tidak menggunakan protein soya jika anda mengalami ketidakseimbangan tiroid.

Walau bagaimanapun, hanya pengambilan isoflavon soya yang tinggi nampaknya tidak meningkatkan risiko hipotiroidisme, kecuali jika digabungkan dengan pengambilan yodium diet yang tidak mencukupi. Oleh itu, pengaruh protein soya pada kelenjar tiroid diperdebatkan. Lebih banyak penyelidikan diperlukan dalam hal ini.

2. Boleh Menyebabkan Ketidakseimbangan Testosteron

Satu kajian dilakukan pada 12 subjek lelaki yang menggunakan 56 g protein isolat soya setiap hari selama empat minggu. Akibatnya, kadar testosteron serum mereka turun sebanyak 19% (8). Walaupun data tidak konsisten, didapati protein soya menurunkan kadar testosteron serum pada lelaki yang sihat.

Protein soya dikatakan mempunyai kesan buruk terhadap fungsi pembiakan lelaki. Walau bagaimanapun, tidak ada kajian khusus dalam hal ini. Sebilangan kajian haiwan, sebenarnya, menyatakan bahawa isoflavon soya tidak memberikan kesan feminisasi pada lelaki (9).

Most of the observations are based on lab and animal studies. Hence, the relationship between soy isoflavones and testosterone is inconclusive (10).

3. May Elicit Hypersensitivity (Allergy)

Soy products can cause allergies or hypersensitivity in children and adults. Often, soy allergy starts in infancy, with reaction to soy-Soy products that can cause allergies or hypersensitivity in children and adults. Often, soy allergy starts in infancy with a reaction to soy-based infant formula. However, most children outgrow soy allergy (11).

Generally, soy allergy is uncomfortable but not severe. An allergic reaction to soy is rarely frightening or lethal. Symptoms of soy allergy may include tingling in the mouth, eczema or itchy skin, wheezing, diarrhea, stomach ache, vomiting, and skin redness (flushing) (12).

If you experience any of these symptoms, you may have a soy allergy. Get tested to confirm the allergy. If tested positive, you may be advised against having soy products/isoflavones.

4. May Increase The Risk Of Cancer Proliferation

Soy isoflavones (one of them being genistein) may stimulate the proliferation of cancer cells in your body. This is especially true in the case of estrogen-dependent breast cancer, as soy isoflavones tend to have estrogenic effects (13).

As per animal studies, genistein may deregulate the cell cycle and trigger tumor development. It acts by triggering the estrogen receptors (14).

Contrarily, human studies show an inverse relationship between cancer and isoflavones. Soy intake was also found to reduce the incidence and death rate caused due to breast cancer. This could be because of the anti-estrogenic effect exerted by phytoestrogens (13).

The amount and source of soy isoflavones also greatly impact breast cancer risk (14).

5. May Trigger Alzheimer’s Dementia

Traditionally, soy foods were used in cooking only after fermenting. This two-step routine would destroy most of the anti-nutrients in soy, such as isoflavones (like genistein and daidzein) and DNA-altering enzymes (like topoisomerases) (15).

When you eat unfermented, cooked/uncooked soy foods, these anti-nutrients may affect the vital systems of your body, including your brain (15).

These anti-nutrients in soy could have detrimental effects on many individuals. Soy isoflavones could increase the risk of Alzheimer’s dementia (15).

If you are dealing with dementia or have a family history of this condition, it is safe to reduce your soy consumption (15).

6. May Cause Infant Health Issues

Infant food formulas contain fair amounts of soy protein/isoflavones. Infants who are fed these formulas are exposed to 5.7–11.9 mg isoflavones/kg body weight during the first four months of life (16).

These kids are exposed to 6–11 times higher levels of isoflavones than adults. This could lead to disturbances in the reproductive health and endocrine function in the child. The major isoflavones, daidzein and genistein, preferentially bind to the estrogen receptors in the body (16).

However, these conclusions are based on animal studies. Human studies may give a different picture. Moreover, currently available soy-based formulas show no overt toxicities in healthy infants (16), (17). Hence, check with your pediatrician before giving soy-based formulas to your child.

7. Unsure Osteoprotective Effects

Soy protein has shown to conserve bone mineral density, particularly in postmenopausal women. In perimenopausal women, the soy isoflavones were shown to prevent bone loss from the lumbar spine. These compounds had no significant effect (neither positive nor negative) on bone formation and/or bone resorption (18).

In some cases, the mineral balance could be impaired with soy consumption. Soybeans contain (by weight) about 1–3% phytic acid (also called phytate). Phytic acid is an anti-nutrient that binds to minerals like zinc, iron, and calcium. Along with soy isoflavones, phytic acid also may decrease their bioavailability (18).

However, a major chunk of literature highlights the osteoprotective effect of soy protein. Further research is needed to determine the precise impact of soy protein/foods on bone density and other related diseases (19).

Most of the research on soybeans and soy protein is still unclear. While in some studies they seem to promote health, certain other studies tend to state the potential harm they may cause. However, this does not mean you have to totally be off soy. There are a few specific soy products you may want to avoid.

Which Soy Products Should You Avoid?

Moderation is important, and so is eating right. Choosing the right kind of soy products can protect you from the adverse effects mentioned above.

When given a choice between natural soy foods and soy protein isolate, go for the natural options. Avoid industrial soy foods if you have iodine deficiency or thyroid imbalance (15).

Whole soy foods are mostly fermented and cooked in a healthier manner. You can take tofu, edamame, soy milk, tempeh, miso, and natto a few times every week.

How Much Soy Is Safe To Eat In A Day?

According to the US FDA, daily consumption of 25 g of soy seems to be safe. This amount of soy could also help lower cholesterol levels (20).

It also is believed that the intake of 50 g of soy protein per day could help prevent heart disease, diabetes, and estrogen-dependent cancers. However, more research is warranted.

There is limited information on the excess intake of soy protein/soybeans. But we don’t recommend you take more than 25 grams per day.

Is Eating Too Much Soy Harmful?

There is little information about the toxicity of soy protein. In limited doses, soy protein may be helpful for women who are at a high risk of breast cancer (21).

Some studies reported very few drug-related adverse events, which were mild. In very few cases, high levels of soy isoflavones adversely affected blood pressure levels (22).

Hence, it is important you talk to your healthcare provider about a suitable dosage for you.

Conclusion

Soy protein could be the reason Asians have historically had lower rates of cardiovascular disease. Their menopausal symptoms and incidence of breast cancer, diabetes, and obesity are also lower than their Western counterparts (23).

There is substantial yet unclear evidence stating the adverse effects of soybeans and soy protein/foods. Soy isoflavones may disturb the hormonal balance, stimulate cancer proliferation, and trigger allergies.

Hence, choose your soy portions carefully. Pick fermented soy foods over protein or isoflavone isolates. Follow the instructions by your physician/nutritionist and stick to the recommended intake limit.

23 sources

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